Nesting is without doubt one of the core causes for utilizing a CSS preprocessor resembling Sass. The function has now arrived in normal browser CSS with an identical syntax. Are you able to drop the preprocessor dependency out of your construct system?
CSS nesting saves typing time and may make the syntax simpler to learn and preserve. Up until now, youβve needed to sort full selector paths like this:
.parent1 .child1,
.parent2 .child1 {
shade: purple;
}
.parent1 .child2,
.parent2 .child2 {
shade: inexperienced;
}
.parent1 .child2:hover,
.parent2 .child2:hover {
shade: blue;
}
Now, you may nest baby selectors inside their dad or mum, like so:
.parent1, .parent2 {
.child1 {
shade: purple;
}
.child2 {
shade: inexperienced;
&:hover {
shade: blue;
}
}
}
You may nest selectors as deep as you want, however be cautious about going past two or three ranges. Thereβs no technical restrict to the nesting depth, however it could make code tougher to learn and the ensuing CSS might turn out to be unnecessarily verbose.
Till April 2023, no browser understood the nested CSS syntax. You required a construct step with a CSS preprocessor resembling Sass, Much less, or PostCSS to remodel the nested code to the common full-selector syntax. Nesting has now arrived in Chrome 112+ and Safari 16.5+, with Firefox assist coming later in 2023 (model 115 has it accessible behind a function flag).
Are you able to drop your preprocessor in favor of native nesting? As traditional β¦ it relies upon. Native nesting syntax has advanced over the previous couple of years. Itβs superficially much like Sass β which can please most internet builders β however donβt anticipate all SCSS code to work immediately as you anticipate.
Native CSS Nesting Guidelines
You may nest any selector inside one other, however it should begin with a logo resembling &
, .
(for a HTML class
), #
(for a HTML id
), @
(for a media question), :
, ::
, *
, +
, ~
, >
, or [
. In other words, it cannot be a direct reference to an HTML element. This code is invalid and the <p>
selector is not parsed:
.parent1 {
p {
color: blue;
}
}
The easiest way to fix this is to use an ampersand (&
), which references the current selector in an identical way to Sass:
.parent1 {
& p {
color: blue;
}
}
Alternatively, you could use one of these:
> p
β but this would style direct children of.parent1
only:is(p)
β but :is() uses the specificity of the most specific selector:where(p)
β but :where() has zero specificity
They would all work in this simple example, but you could encounter specificity issues later with more complex stylesheets.
The &
also allows you to target pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes on the parent selector. For example:
p.my-element {
&::after {}
&:hover {}
&:target {}
}
If you donβt use &
, youβll be targeting all child elements of the selector and not p.my-element
itself. (The same would occur in Sass.)
Note that you can use an &
anywhere in the selector. For example:
.child1 {
.parent3 & {
color: red;
}
}
This translates to the following non-nested syntax:
.parent3 .child1 { color: red; }
You can even use multiple &
symbols in a selector:
ul {
& li & {
color: blue;
}
}
This would target nested <ul>
elements (ul li ul
), but Iβd recommend against using this if you want to keep your sanity!
Finally, you can nest media queries. The following code applies a cyan
color to paragraph elements β unless the browser width is at least 800px
, when they become purple
:
p {
color: cyan;
@media (min-width: 800px) {
color: purple;
}
}
Native CSS Nesting Gotchas
Native nesting wraps parent selectors in :is()
, and this can lead to differences with Sass output.
Consider the following nested code:
.parent1, #parent2 {
.child1 {}
}
This effectively becomes the following when itβs parsed in a browser:
:is(.parent1, #parent2) .child1 {}
A .child1
element inside .parent1
has a specificity of 101
, because :is()
uses the specificity of its most specific selector β in this case, the #parent2
ID.
Sass compiles the same code to this:
.parent1 .child1,
#parent2 .child1 {
}
In this case, a .child1
element inside .parent1
has a specificity of 002
, because it matches the two classes (#parent2
is ignored). Its selector is less specific than the native option and has a greater chance of being overridden in the cascade.
You may also encounter a subtler issue. Consider this:
.parent .child {
.grandparent & {}
}
The native CSS equivalent is:
.grandparent :is(.parent .child) {}
This matches the following mis-ordered HTML elements:
<div class="parent">
<div class="grandparent">
<div class="child">MATCH</div>
</div>
</div>
MATCH
becomes styled because the CSS parser does the following:
It finds all elements with a class of
child
which also have an ancestor ofparent
β at any point up the DOM hierarchy.Having found the element containing
MATCH
, the parser checks whether it has an ancestor ofgrandparent
β again, at any point up the DOM hierarchy. It finds one and styles the element accordingly.
This is not the case in Sass, which compiles to this:
.grandparent .parent .child {}
The HTML above is not styled, because the element classes donβt follow a strict grandparent
, parent
, and child
order.
Finally, Sass uses string replacement, so declarations such as the following are valid and match any element with an outer-space
class:
.outer {
&-space { color: black; }
}
Native CSS ignores the &-space
selector.
Do You Still Require a CSS Preprocessor?
In the short term, your existing CSS preprocessor remains essential. Native nesting is not supported in Firefox or Chrome/Safari-based browsers, which have not received updates in a few months.
The Sass development team has announced they will support native CSS nesting in .css
files and output the code as is. They will continue to compile nested SCSS
code as before to avoid breaking existing codebases, but will start to emit :is()
selectors when global browser support reaches 98%.
I suspect preprocessors such as PostCSS plugins will expand nested code for now but remove the feature as browser support becomes more widespread.
Of course, there are other good reasons to use a preprocessor β such as bundling partials into a single file and minifying code. But if nesting is the only feature you require, you could certainly consider native CSS for smaller projects.
Summary
CSS nesting is one of the most useful and practical preprocessor features. The browser vendors worked hard to create a native CSS version which is similar enough to please web developers. There are subtle differences, though, and you may encounter unusual specificity issues with (overly) complex selectors, but few codebases will require a radical overhaul.
Native nesting may make you reconsider your need for a CSS preprocessor, but they continue to offer other benefits. Sass and similar tools remain an essential part of most developer toolkits.
To delve more into native CSS nesting, check out the W3C CSS Nesting Specification.